Preheat the oven: Set to 400°F (200°C).
Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish.
Cook the cauliflower: If using fresh, pulse florets in a food processor until rice-like. Sauté in a large skillet with 1 tablespoon olive oil and a pinch of salt for 5–7 minutes until tender and most moisture evaporates. Set aside.
Brown the meat: In the same skillet, cook the Italian sausage over medium heat, breaking it up until browned and cooked through.
Drain excess fat if needed.
Add aromatics: Stir in onion and garlic. Cook 2–3 minutes until fragrant. Add bell pepper and mushrooms; sauté until softened, about 3–4 minutes.
Season and sauce: Sprinkle in Italian seasoning, red pepper flakes if using, and a few grinds of black pepper.
Pour in the low-sugar marinara and simmer for 2–3 minutes to meld flavors. Taste and adjust salt.
Layer the casserole: Spread the cooked cauliflower evenly in the baking dish. Top with half the mozzarella.
Spoon the meat-sauce mixture over the cheese. Scatter olives. Add remaining mozzarella and sprinkle Parmesan on top.
Add pepperoni: Arrange slices over the cheese so they crisp slightly in the oven.
Bake: Cook for 15–20 minutes, until the cheese is melted and bubbling.
For a golden top, broil for 1–2 minutes, watching closely.
Rest and serve: Let it sit for 5–10 minutes to set. Garnish with chopped basil or parsley and serve warm.